SEMANTIC
Hi guys, it's me Niki. How are you doing guys ? hopefully you alright. Is this chance, I would like to share about Semantics. Do you know what is Semantics ? Have you heard about that before ? ok, let's study ......
1. DEFINITION ABOUT SEMANTICS
Semantics is a branch of linguistics that studies the meanings contained in a language, code or other type of representation. And in other languages, semantics is learning about meaning. Often semantics are associated with two other aspects namely syntax which means the formation of complex symbols. Another understanding of semantics is learning about the meaning used to understand human expression through language.
Semantics definition according to experts :
1. Lyons (1968:400)
The term semantics is of relatively origin, being coined in the late ningteenth century froma Greek verb meaning to signify.
2. Palmer (1981:1)
Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is part of language, semantics is a linguistic.
3. Kridalaksana (2001:1993)
According to Kridalaksana is part of the structure of language associated with the meaning of expressions and with the meaning structure of speech.
4. KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia )
According to KBBI is the meaning, the intention of the speaker and waiter, or the understanding given in a form of discussion.
5. Kreidler (1998:3)
Semantics is the study of meaning, and linguistic semantics is the study of how language organize and expressmeanings.
6. Tarigan (1985:7)
According to Tarigan, it is semantics to examine symbols or sings that state meaning, the relationship of meaning to one another, and their influence on humans and society.
7. Griffiths (2006:1)
Semantics is the study of the “toolkit” for meaning: knowledge encoded in the vocabulary of the language and it is patterns for building more elaborate meanings, up to the level of sentence meanings.
8. Chaer (1994:60)
According to Chaer, in the semantics discussed is the relationship between words and concepts or meanings of those words, as well as objects or things that are referred to by meanings that are outside of language.
2. SEMANTICS ELEMENTS
In semantics, there are elements namely :
· Sings and symbols
· Lexical meaning and referential
· Naming
3. SEMANTICS TYPES:
The types of types or semantics types include :
· Conceptual semantics
· Gramatical semantics
· Reference semantics
· The term semantics
· Proverbial semantics
· Associative semantics
· Denotative semantics
§ Non referential meaning
§ Narrow menaing
§ Broad meaning
§ The meaning of the word
§ Cannotitive meaning
§ Idiomatic meaning
§ Meaning of kias
4. EXAMPLE OF SEMANTICS
§ Sister fell from the motorbike
§ I fall in love
§ His pride dropped
The there fall words have different meanings. The meaning is different depending on the existing process. Different meanings and meanings depending on the felling that is being experienced at the time .
5. THE CORRELATION RITH MR. BUDI’S LESSON
Correclation or my opinion about semantics and pragmatic subjects with Mr. Budi in this semester, this subject which is always related to linguistics is actually difficult, maybe because I have not wholeheartendly loved this subject. And in essence, semantics is the science of linguistics that studies the meaning of the language we use everyday, but this semantics uses feelungs or symbols and codes that have different meanings even whit the same word.
6. CONCLUSION
From the understanding according to the experts above it can be concluded that studies about the meaning or meaning of the same word but has different meanings, depending on how and under what conditions when spoken. Semantics is the science of linguistics using feelings to pronounce it, or with certain symbols so that the other person understands what he is saying.
7. REFERENCES
Hello Niki. We got the same topic about semantics. I am sure that you are understand enough about this subject. Could you please give me some examples of semantics sentences according to your uderstanding? Thank you.
BalasHapushei kak sikin, l will try to answer your question
HapusSemantics is a branch of linguistic science that studies and examines meaning, the meaning contained in language, codes, and some other representations of meanings. Here are also some examples of meanings in semantics:
1. grammatical meanings
"smelling" has the meaning "having a smell"
2. constitutional meaning
sister fell from the motorbike
I fall in love
his pride dropped
I don't really understand with the second point. could you explain more about examples in second point?
Hapussister fell from the motorbike
I fall in love
his pride dropped. what do they mean?
The mean is there are like motorbike
Hapus@sikin Alright, so the word "fall" between these sentences has different meanings. The meaning is different depending on the existing process.
Hapus@yolanda no, the word "fall" is indeed the same in all three sentences but has a different meaning because the situation is indeed different.
HapusYola! Please think first before you answer the question. Your answer is too bad. I am sorry to say that. 😕🤔
HapusHi niki! If they have different meanings. Can you explain the meaning one by one? I really want to know the meaning of each example. Thank you. ✅
HapusHi sikin, I'll try to give an answer.
HapusFor ex. Juliet:
“O, be some other name!
What’s in a name? that which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet;
So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call’d …”
hello niki ... can you explain the scope of semantics? will semantics explain the meaning of all things literally?
BalasHapusHi Mesin! I'll answer your question.
HapusThe Scope of Semantics
"A perennial problem in semantics is the delineation of its subject matter. The term meaning can be used in a variety of ways, and only some of these correspond to the usual understanding of the scope of linguistic or computational semantics. We shall take the scope of semantics to be restricted to the literal interpretations of sentences in a context, ignoring phenomena like irony, metaphor, or conversational implicature."
(Stephen G. Pulman, "Basic Notions of Semantics." SRI International, Cambridge, England)
Does semantics explains the meaning of all things literally? Yes, because according to (Stephen G. Pulman, "Basic Notions of Semantics." SRI International, Cambridge, England), "We shall take the scope of semantics to be restricted to the literal interpretations of sentences in a context, ignoring phenomena like irony, metaphor, or conversational implicature."
You can see more explanation on this link https://www.thoughtco.com/semantics-linguistics-1692080
hey kak mey, ok I'll add a little answer to your question that has been answered by kak sikin.
HapusThe object of semantic study is the meaning or meaning of one language. Leech, (1983: 8-10) explains that the object of semantic study is the meaning of language units that are not related to the context of speech. Semantics examines language signs with concepts and references both lexically and grammatically. Semantics examines the meaning of X. Djajasudarma (1993: 4) explains that the language units studied in their meaning start at the level of phonology, morphology, syntax, and discourse.
that semantics is a language study subsystem that examines the meaning of language units that are not accompanied by non-linguistic contexts. The scope of semantic studies is the meaning of language units in words, phrases, clauses and sentences, and texts.
and, does semantics explain literally?
yes, that has been explained in the answer kak sikin Stephen G. Pulman opinion about semantic understanding.
thank you
Hi mesin I' ll try to your answerIn. In general, the scope is the knowledge and information that a particular subject entails. If you are looking for the broad scope of Semantics as a discipline, then you have a body of discussion of the nature and pragmatics of meaning as expressed in language.
HapusWell done Niki and Vero. Both of you give the good answers. So, we can add our insight about the scope of semantics. Furthermore, both of you always answer questions from our friends. Happy to see that. 😍
HapusNiki,sikin,vero good quality
Hapusokay..
Hapusthank u all..
for your answer..
know i get it..
thank u so much
@yolanda yes, you just know that we are indeed good quality. because our potential with you seems to be much different :D
HapusHaha. Your statement is made me laugh, niki. Do not tell like that. Yola is also as good as us. 💪😍😘
HapusHi niki, i want to ask you. So which theory do you think is make sense? Do you have an idea? because u explain so many theory from the experts.
HapusHi niki, u still did not answer my question.
HapusHi niki, i want to ask you. So which theory do you think is make sense? Do you have an idea? because u explain so many theory from the experts
Hi Niki ...? I will ask about semantics related to social science. because sematics is a branch of linguistics that has links to social sciences such as sociology and anthropology. what are the semantic relations and sociology and give examples?
BalasHapusHi Eva! I would like to answer your question. Semantics however, has relationship with other levels of linguistics which are Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and pragmatics; and branches of linguistics which are sociolinguistics, psycho-linguistics, computational linguistics, applied linguistics, anthropological linguistics, stylistics, philosophical linguistics and historical linguistics.
Hapus1. Semantics and sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the study of the language in social context that focuses on the relationship between linguistics behaviour and social situation, roles, and functions (O’Grady, 2005). Rather than concentrating on individuals, sociolinguistics is centered on the speech community defined as any group of people who share some set of social conversions, or sociolinguistic norms regarding language use. In sociolinguistics meaning is limited according to social context as follows:
Jargon for example is a register characterized by specific vocabulary that are connected to a particular profession or activity. It is generally developed to facilitate communication within a group and can also be used to indicate membership in the group and even work to exclude non-member. For example, the word masticate used by doctor may not be easily understood by other people who are not experienced in such field, the word simply means to chew.
Also the use of slang which refer to the use of faddish or lexical item which lead to demarking group membership. Those not belonging to a group cannot understand what is said when slangs are used. As it is sensitive to current style it changes rapidly . For example,
Slang term Definition
Hot (English) attractive
Tight (English) fantastic, wonderful, superlative
Piga chini (Kiswahili) to ignore something or somebody
Jero (Kiswahili) five hundred shillings
The last two Swahili slags are used by the youth in Tanzania.
Please see more information on this link https://academiascholaz.blogspot.com/2017/09/relationship-between-semantics-and-levels-and-branches-of-linguistics.html
If you have ever heard the term "linguistic anthropology," you might be able to guess that this is a type of study that involves language (linguistics) and anthropology (the study of societies). There are similar terms, "anthropological linguistics" and "sociolinguistics," which some claim are interchangeable, but others claim to have slightly different meanings.
2. Semantics and Linguistic Anthropology
Linguistic anthropology is a branch of anthropology that studies the role of language in the social lives of individuals and communities. Linguistic anthropology explores how language shapes communication. Language plays a huge role in social identity, group membership, and establishing cultural beliefs and ideologies. Linguists will focus more on the way words are formed, for example, the phonology or vocalization of the language to semantics and grammar systems in Linguistic Anthropology.
For example:
In New Guinea, there is a tribe of indigenous people who speak one language. It is what makes that people unique. It is its "index" language. The tribe may speak other languages
from New Guinea, but this unique language gives the tribe its cultural identity.
So, the relationship between semantics and anthropological is when people communicate with interlocutors, both of them should know the meaning of the word.
Please see more information on this link https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-linguistic-anthropology-1691240
hey kak eva, because your question has been answered by kak sikin then i will add a little answer i have.
HapusSemantics and Sociology
Semantics are related to sociology because there is often the fact that the use of certain words to say something can mark the identity of the group of speakers.
Example :
The use / selection of the words 'girl' or 'woman' will be able to show the identity of the group of speakers.
The word 'girl' is identical to the group of young people, while the word 'woman' seems more polite, and identical to the group of parents who promote modesty.
Hi sikin, not all people in this world like to read, so, mu suggestion, please try to explain by simple word and you only need give the link for references. Rather than you explain by long explanation. It just boring and confusing.
HapusHi eva, where have u been. What about rhe answer from them? Do you get the answer for ur question already?#jangandiam2bae 😂😜
HapusHello Vero! okay, I understood. but, you should read if you want to get more information and to add your insight about that. I answered Eva's question with the long explanation in order to add more information for her. It depends on her whether my answer is good or not. thank you.
HapusSemantics and Linguistic Anthropology
HapusLinguistic anthropology is a branch of anthropology that studies the role of language in the social lives of individuals and communities. Linguistic anthropology explores how language shapes communication. Language plays a huge role in social identity, group membership, and establishing cultural beliefs and ideologies. Linguists will focus more on the way words are formed, for example, the phonology or vocalization of the language to semantics and grammar systems in Linguistic Anthropology.
For example:
In New Guinea, there is a tribe of indigenous people who speak one language. It is what makes that people unique. It is its "index" language. The tribe may speak other languages
from New Guinea, but this unique language gives the tribe its cultural identity.
hello eva
HapusSemantic relations with other Disciplines
1.semantik with sociology
semantics associated with sociology because reality is often encountered in the community in using certain words to say something that could mark the identity of speakers and groups
example the word "girl" and "woman"
the word "girl" is more synonymous used by teens or young children, while the word "woman" seem more polite to say and is identical to the parents who put politeness in spoken [2]
2. semantics to psychology
Study of semantics associated with psychology is certainly more to do with mental, because the expression of one's soul is expressed through language and have the meanings according to context.
Example words: joy and sorrow
The word "love" is defined as joy or pleasure someone over something that he felt such as "andi love to play ball", while the word "grief" is defined as resulting in feelings of sadness. Example: Indonesia mourn the landslide that occurred Ciwidei Bandung regency.
The example above is a semantic analysis of adjectives in other words can be said to be related to semantic positive and negative. [3]
3. Semantics with Anthropology
Semantics is considered an interest in anthropology since the analysis of meaning in
a language, through the choice of words used by speakers, will get a promising practical classification of the cultural life of native speakers.
Example: use / selection of the word 'ngelih' or 'sluggish' equally mean that reflect a culture hungry for speakers. The word "ngelih" used by the people of Yogyakarta and while the word 'sluggish' is a term for people hungry for Jombang eastern Java in particular areas.
4. Semantics in Philosophy
Is basically questioned the meaning of linguistic philosophers in the relationship between speech, thought, reality, and nature. The general theory of meaning among other distinguished
v The theory of reference or correspondence
v Theory Contextual Theory
v The theory of conceptual
v Theory formalism [4]
1. The theory of reference or meaning of this correspondence refers to the referent that is expressed through the sounds of language symbols in the form of phrases or sentences.
Examples of "the former vice president of RI 2004-2009"
2. Contextual theory
Contextual theory of meaning must have a basic or primary regardless of the context of new situations to get a secondary meaning.
3. The theory of conceptual
Conceptual theory depends on the concept of language in speech, sentences, phrases, discourse
4. Theory formalism
Formalist theory is more concentrated on the discussion of text features, particularly those properties which language is used rather than the creation of context and context acceptance.
Semantics is the study of meaning.
HapusFor example, in Middle English, the word "deer" meant "wild animal" or "beast", so the meaning of "We plan to hunt deer" has a different meaning then than it does now. As another example, the word "awful" originally meant "full of awe" instead of "frightful" or "very bad", so it also would have very different meanings depending on the context.
Also, there are denotations and connotations. The denotation of a word is its direct meaning, while the connotation is an indirect or implied meaning. As an example of the difference, referring to the "smell of baking apple pie" would directly refer to the smell of cinnamon and other spices, but it might indirectly refer to happy memories in Grandma's kitchen or the comfort of home.
There are figures of speech that in their entirety do not mean what each word means literally. "Raining cats and dogs" does not mean cats and dogs are falling from clouds. Semantics is the study of meanings in language, for instance, when people say "I love" this can have numerous meanings.
Hapus@sikin Yes, I also agree with my opinion. just share the link or source that you know about this knowledge. because reading that much will make people who read become bored
HapusHello Niki? What do you mean by aggree with your own opinion? Which opinion that you mean? Please clarify. ⚡
HapusHi mesyn, u didnt write your answer according to which expert. You just ca not explain ur opinion which support you statements. 😏🤗
Hapushei kak sikin yes, I agree with your answer about the question from kk eva, if he does not understand with your answer he can understand it through the link that you have specified
HapusHi niki do not only to say agree or disagree.. Try to give a spesifict answer of our question 😏
Hapusthank you kak sikin for helping answer all the questions that enter in my comments column
BalasHapusyou're welcome Niki. actually, I have a suggestion for you, please make a good theme of your blog. so, it will be more interesting to see. however, your blog is not too good to see with that theme.
HapusHi niki, do not only say thank you to all people in this world, without try to answer the question.
HapusWow, I also try to answer as many questions as I can. if there are no more questions then what will I answer except to say thanks to someone who has helped answer the question given to me ??? saying thank you is important kak ve
HapusThis blog has no color. same as those that have XOXO
BalasHapushey isas, thanks for the advice okay. but, interesting isn't it? hehe
Hapushello Niki, actually your blog is good on some points. first, you explained the information about your topic. second, you give theories from experts. last, you give examples also. hope to see more topics on your blog. thank you.
HapusHi sikin, why I always meet you in every blog of iur friend. I just bored to meet you. Hahaha
HapusHi Vero! I am so sorry for making you feel bored to see me in every blog of our friends. it means that I learn a lot to get more information about Semantics and Pragmatics subject. I am happy to see you in this blog. I hope we will discuss many information on this blog and the other blogs about Semantics and Pragmatics. thank you.
Hapussasri in my opinion the color of the blog is not important ..as long as the contents are interesting to see, read, and easy to understand
Hapus@presiden kecil If I think it's important, because appearance can also attract someone's attention to read and read our blog.
HapusHi Mesin! Why do you think that the appearance of the blog is not important? I am sure you have another reason beside the explanation is more important. Please clarify. 🙄😕
Hapushai kak sikin thank you, I'm happy if you are interested and understand the material that is on my blog. and I hope other friends do too
Hapusyour blog is good. good to throw away
BalasHapusDuh, don't be like that. try to read and understand about my material this time, surely you will be interested
HapusYap, she is right niki, Your blog is good. But, make sure u understand about your own topic. Lol..
HapusHi Niki! do not be sad, your blog is well argued because you add explanations and examples from many experts. in addition, you give a reference too.
Hapusyeah kak ve , the material I wrote is a bit complicated, it seems. but yes, hopefully we all understand this material
Hapushi sikin , we should be like that. because not everyone understands what we are conveying, so to make it easier we also have to include references from where we can the material to be studied respectively
HapusHi sikin, i suggeest you to read another articlle to make u easy to understand the topic.
HapusThat's great Niki.
BalasHapusThank you for your explanation about the material of semantic.
I would suggest you to explain more detail about types of semantic which is explanation more detail.
oh, thanks stev. maybe for a more detailed explanation you can find it from other sources. because, you can combine all sources into one for a more detailed explanation
HapusYap. I think so stev. Because Niki only provide 3 example, withoit explain the context of the sentences.
HapusI agree with Vero and Fransisca's opinion. you just give three examples without giving explanation and the meaning of each example. Do not make us confused Niki.
HapusSeven Types of Meaning
HapusA piece of language conveys its dictionary meaning, connotations beyond the dictionary meaning, information about the social context of language use, speaker’s feelings and attitudes rubbing off of one meaning on the another meaning of the same word when it has two meanings and meaning because of habit occurrence.
Broadly speaking, ‘meaning’ means the sum total of communicated through language. Words, Phrases and sentences have meanings which are studies in semantics.
Geoffrey Leech in his ‘Semantic- A Study of meaning’ (1974) breaks down meaning into seven types or ingredients giving primacy to conceptual meaning.
1) Conceptual or Denotative Meaning:
HapusConceptual meaning is also called logical or cognitive meaning. It is the basic propositional meaning which corresponds to the primary dictionary definition. Such a meaning is stylistically neutral and objective as opposed to other kinds of associative meanings. Conceptual
Meanings are the essential or core meaning while other six types are the peripheral. It is peripheral in as sense that it is non-essential. They are stylistically marked and subjective kind of meanings. Leech gives primacy to conceptual meaning because it has sophisticated organization based on the principle of contrastiveness and hierarchical structure.
E.g.
/P/ can be described as- voiceless + bilabial + plosive.
Similarly
Boy = + human + male-adult.
The hierarchical structure of ‘Boy’ = + Human + Male-Adult
Or “Boy” =Human – Male/Female-adult in a rough way.
Conceptual meaning is the literal meaning of the word indicating the idea or concept to which it refers. The concept is minimal unit of meaning which could be called ‘sememe’. As we define phoneme on the basis of binary contrast, similarly we can define sememe ‘Woman’ as = + human + female + adult. If any of these attribute changes the concept cease to be the same.
Conceptual meaning deals with the core meaning of expression. It is the denotative or literal meaning. It is essential for the functioning of language. For example, a part of the conceptual meaning of ‘Needle” may be “thin”, “sharp” or “instrument”.
The organization of conceptual meaning is based on two structural principles- Contrastiveness and the principle of structure. The conceptual meanings can be studied typically in terms of contrastive features.
For example the word “woman” can be shown as:
“Woman = + Human, -Male, + Adult”.
On the contrary, word
“Boy” can be realized as:-
“Boy = “+ human, + male, - Adult”.
By the principle of structure, larger units of language are built up out smaller units or smaller units or smaller units are built out larger ones.
The aim of conceptual meaning is to provide an appropriate semantic representation to a sentence or statement. A sentence is made of abstract symbols. Conceptual meaning helps us to distinguish one meaning from the meaning of other sentences. Thus, conceptual meaning is an essential part of language. A language essentially depends on conceptual meaning for communication. The conceptual meaning is the base for all the other types of meaning.
2) Connotative Meaning:
HapusConnotative meaning is the communicative value of an expression over and above its purely conceptual content. It is something that goes beyond mere referent of a word and hints at its attributes in the real world. It is something more than the dictionary meaning. Thus purely conceptual content of ‘woman’ is +human + female+ adult but the psychosocial connotations could be ‘gregarious’, ‘having maternal instinct’ or typical (rather than invariable) attributes of womanhood such as ‘babbling’,’ experienced in cookery’, ‘skirt or dress wearing ‘etc. Still further connotative meaning can embrace putative properties of a referent due to viewpoint adopted by individual, group, and society as a whole. So in the past woman was supposed to have attributes like frail, prone to tears, emotional, irrigational, inconstant , cowardly etc. as well as more positive qualities such gentle, sensitive, compassionate, hardworking etc. Connotations vary age to age and society to society.
E.g. Old age ‘Woman’ - ‘Non-trouser wearing or sari wearing’ in Indian context must have seemed definite connotation in the past.
Present ‘Woman’---- Salwar/T-shirt/Jeans wearing.
Some times connotation varies from person to person also
. E.g. connotations of the word ‘woman’ for misogynist and a person of feminist vary.
The boundary between conceptual and connotative seems to be analogous. Connotative meaning is regarded as incidental, comparatively unstable, in determinant, open ended, variable according to age, culture and individual, whereas conceptual meaning is not like that . It can be codified in terms of limited symbols.
) Social Meaning:
HapusThe meaning conveyed by the piece of language about the social context of its use is called the social meaning. The decoding of a text is dependent on our knowledge of stylistics and other variations of language. We recognize some words or pronunciation as being dialectical i.e. as telling us something about the regional or social origin of the speaker. Social meaning is related to the situation in which an utterance is used.
It is concerned with the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression. For example, some dialectic words inform us about the regional and social background of the speaker. In the same way, some stylistic usages let us know something of the social relationship between the speaker and the hearer
E.g. “I ain’t done nothing”
The line tells us about the speaker and that is the speaker is probably a black American, underprivileged and uneducated. Another example can be
“Come on yaar, be a sport. Don’t be Lallu”
The social meaning can be that of Indian young close friends.
Stylistic variation represents the social variation. This is because styles show the geographical region social class of the speaker. Style helps us to know about the period, field and status of the discourse. Some words are similar to others as far as their conceptual meaning is concerned. But they have different stylistic meaning. For example, ‘steed ’, ‘horse and ‘nag’ are synonymous. They all mean a kind of animal i.e. Horse. But they differ in style and so have various social meaning. ‘Steed’ is used in poetry; ‘horse’ is used in general, while ‘nag’ is slang. The word ‘Home’ can have many use also like domicile ( official), residence (formal) abode (poetic) , home (ordinary use).
Stylistic variation is also found in sentence. For example, two criminals will express the following sentence
“They chucked the stones at the cops and then did a bunk with the look”
(Criminals after the event)
But the same ideas will be revealed by the chief inspector to his officials by the following sentence.
“After casting the stones at the police, they abandoned with money.”
(Chief Inspector in an official report)
Thus through utterances we come to know about the social facts, social situation, class, region, and speaker-listener relations by its style and dialect used in sentences.
The illocutionary force of an utterance also can have social meaning. According to the social situation, a sentence may be uttered as request, an apology, a warning or a threat, for example, the sentence,
“I haven’t got a knife” has the common meaning in isolation. But the sentence uttered to waiter mean a request for a knife’
Thus we can understand that the connotative meaning plays a very vital role in the field of semantics and in understanding the utterances and sentences in different context.
4) Affective or Emotive Meaning:
HapusFor some linguists it refers to emotive association or effects of words evoked in the reader, listener. It is what is conveyed about the personal feelings or attitude towards the listener.
E.g. ‘home’ for a sailor/soldier or expatriate
and ‘mother’ for a motherless child, a married woman (esp. in Indian context) will have special effective, emotive quality.
In affective meaning, language is used to express personal feelings or attitude to the listener or to the subject matter of his discourse.
For Leech affective meaning refers to what is convey about the feeling and attitude of the speak through use of language (attitude to listener as well as attitude to what he is saying). Affective meaning is often conveyed through conceptual, connotative content of the words used
E.g. “you are a vicious tyrant and a villainous reprobation and I hate you”
Or “I hate you, you idiot”.
We are left with a little doubt about the speaker’s feelings towards the listener. Here speaker seems to have a very negative attitude towards his listener. This is called affective meaning.
But very often we are more discreet (cautious) and convey our attitude indirectly.
E.g. “I am terribly sorry but if you would be so kind as to lower your voice a
little”
. Conveys our irritation in a scaled down manner for the sake of politeness. Intonation and voice quality are also important here. Thus the sentence above can be uttered in biting sarcasm and the impression of politeness maybe reversed while –
e.g.
“Will you belt up?”- can be turned into a playful remark between intimates if said with the intonation of a request.
Words like darling, sweetheart or hooligan, vandal have inherent emotive quality and they can be used neutrally.
I.A. Richards argued that emotive meaning distinguishes literature or poetic language from factual meaning of science. Finally it must be noted that affective meaning is largely a parasitic category. It overlaps heavily with style, connotation and conceptual content.
5) Reflected Meaning:
HapusReflected meaning and collocative meaning involve interconnection
At the lexical level of language, Reflected meaning arises when a word has more than one conceptual meaning or multiple conceptual meaning. In such cases while responding to one sense of the word we partly respond to another sense of the word too. Leech says that in church service ‘the comforter and the Holy Ghost ’refer to the third in Trinity. They are religious words. But unconsciously there is a response to their non-religious meanings too. Thus the ‘comforter’ sounds warm and comforting while the ‘Ghost’ sounds ‘awesome’ or even ‘dreadful’. One sense of the word seems to rub off on another especially through relative frequency and familiarity (e.g. a ghost is more frequent and familiar in no religious sense.).
In poetry too we have reflected meaning as in the following lines from ‘Futility’
‘Are limbs so dear achieved, are sides,
Full nerved still warm-too hard to stir’
Owen here uses ‘dear’ in the sense of expensiveness. - But the sense of beloved is also eluded.
E.g. Daffodils
“The could not but be gay
In such jocund company”
The word ‘gay’ was frequently used in the time of William Wordsworth but the word now is used for ‘homosexuality’.
In such type cases of multiple meaning, one meaning of the word pushes the other meaning to the background. Then the dominant suggestive power of that word prevails. This may happen because of the relative frequency or familiarity of the dominant meaning. This dominant meaning which pushes the other meaning at the background is called the reflected meaning.
Reflected meaning is also found in taboo words. For examples are terms like erection, intercourse, ejaculation. The word ‘intercourse’ immediately reminds us of its association with sex (sexual intercourse). The sexual association of the word drives away its innocent sense, i.e. ‘communication’. The taboo sense of the word is so dominant that its non-taboo sense almost dies out. In some cases, the speaker avoids the taboo words and uses their alternative word in order to avoid the unwanted reflected meaning. For example, as Bloomfield has pointed out, the word ‘Cock’ is replaced by speakers, they use the word ‘rooster’ to indicate the general meaning of the word and avoid its taboo sense. These words have non-sexual meanings too. (E.g. erection of a building, ejaculate-throw out somebody) but because of their frequency in the lit of the physiology of sex it is becoming difficult to use them in their innocent/nonsexual sense.
Thus we can see that reflected meaning has great importance in the study of semantics.
6) Collocative Meaning:
HapusCollocative meaning is the meaning which a word acquires in the company of certain words. Words collocate or co-occur with certain words only e.g. Big business not large or great.Collocative meaning refers to associations of a word because of its usual or habitual co-occurrence with certain types of words. ‘Pretty’ and ‘handsome’ indicate ‘good looking’.
However, they slightly differ from each other because of collocation or co-occurrence. The word ‘pretty’ collocates with – girls, woman, village, gardens, flowers, etc.
On the other hand, the word ‘handsome’ collocates with – ‘boys’ men, etc. so ‘pretty woman’ and ‘handsome man’. While different kinds of attractiveness, hence ‘handsome woman’ may mean attractive but in a mannish way. The verbs ‘wander’ and ‘stroll’ are quasi-synonymous- they may have almost the same meaning but while ‘cows may wonder into another farm’, they don’t stroll into that farm because ‘stroll’ collocates with human subject only. Similarly one ‘trembles with fear’ but ‘quivers with excitement’. Collocative meanings need to be invoked only when other categories of meaning don’t apply. Generalizations can be made in case of other meanings while collocative meaning is simply on idiosyncratic property of individual words. Collocative meaning has its importance and it is a marginal kind of category.
) Thematic Meaning:
HapusIt refers to what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or a writer organizes the message in terms of ordering focus and emphasis .Thus active is different from passive though its conceptual meaning is the same. Various parts of the sentence also can be used as subject, object or complement to show prominence. It is done through focus, theme (topic) or emotive emphasis. Thematic meaning helps us to understand the message and its implications properly. For example, the following statements in active and passive voice have same conceptual meaning but different communicative values.
e.g.
1) Mrs. Smith donated the first prize
2) The first prize was donated by Mrs. Smith.
In the first sentence “who gave away the prize “is more important, but in the second sentence “what did Mrs. Smith gave is important”. Thus the change of focus change the meaning also.
The first suggests that we already know Mrs. Smith (perhaps through earlier mention) its known/given information while it’s new information.
Alternative grammatical construction also gives thematic meaning. For example,
1) He likes Indian good most.
2) Indian goods he likes most
3) It is the Indian goods he likes most.
Like the grammatical structures, stress and intonation also make the message prominent. For example, the contrastive stress on the word ‘cotton’ in the following sentence give prominence to the information
John wears a cotton shirt
The kind of shirt that john wears is cotton one.
Thus sentences or pairs of sentences with similar conceptual meaning differ their communicative value. This is due to different grammatical constructions or lexical items or stress and intonations. Therefore they are used in different contents.
“Ten thousand saw I at a glance”
Wordsworth here inverts the structure to focus on ‘ten thousand”
.
Sometimes thematic contrast i.e. contrasts between given and new information can be conveyed by lexical means.
e.g.
1) John owns the biggest shop in London
2) The biggest shop in London belongs to John.
The ways we order our message also convey what is important and what not. This is basically thematic meaning.
Associative Meaning:
Leech uses this as an umbrella term for the remaining 5 types of meanings( connotative, social, affective, reflective and collocative).All these have more in common with connotative than conceptual meaning. They all have the same open ended, variable character and can be analyzed in terms of scales or ranges ( more/less) than in either or contrastive terms. These meanings contain many imponderable factors. But conceptual meaning is stable
Summary of Seven Types of Meaning.
1. Conceptual Meaning = Logical, cognitive or connotative content.
2. Connotative Meaning = What is communicated by virtue of what language
refers
3. Social Meaning = What is communicated of the social circumstances of
Language
4. Affective Meaning = What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of
the Speaker through language.
5. Reflected Meaning = What is communicated through associations with
another Sense of the same world.
6. Collocative Meaning = What is communicated through associations with
words which co-occur with another word.
7. Thematic Meaning = What is communicated by the way in which the
message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.
Hi Mesin. Thank you for giving us many information. I would like to appreciate you by giving these motions 😘😍🤗😉✅💪👏
HapusHi mesin, are you understand what do u write on this blog? Or just ghive an answer by copas from intrrnet?
HapusHallo Niki....
BalasHapusIn formal semantic studies, meaning is interpreted through logical relationships, between sentences. In pragmatics the meaning is interpreted in different ways. can you explain the difference in presupposition from a semantic perspective?
hello Maya! I'd like to help Niki answer your questions. The formal study of semantics intersects with many other fields of inquiry, including lexicology, syntax, pragmatics, etymology and others. Independently, semantics is also a well-defined field in its own right, often with synthetic properties.[4] In the philosophy of language, semantics and reference are closely connected. Further related fields include philology, communication, and semiotics. The formal study of semantics can therefore be manifold and complex.
HapusSemantics contrasts with syntax, the study of the combinatorics of units of a language (without reference to their meaning), and pragmatics, the study of the relationships between the symbols of a language, their meaning, and the users of the language. Semantics as a field of study also has significant ties to various representational theories of meaning including truth theories of meaning, coherence theories of meaning, and correspondence theories of meaning. Each of these is related to the general philosophical study of reality and the representation of meaning. In 1960s psychosemantic studies became popular after Osgood's massive cross-cultural studies using his semantic differential (SD) method that used thousands of nouns and adjective bipolar scales. A specific form of the SD, Projective Semantics method[6] uses only most common and neutral nouns that correspond to the 7 groups (factors) of adjective-scales most consistently found in cross-cultural studies (Evaluation, Potency, Activity as found by Osgood, and Reality, Organization, Complexity, Limitation as found in other studies).
Hi sist sikin, how do you know about this? This is only your perspective or by expert? Please help to provide the source,
Hapushello Vero! I have searched the answer on the internet. you can see the more explanation and information on this link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics. thank you.
Hapusin presuppotion Noun
Hapus(en noun)
An assumption made beforehand; a preliminary conjecture or speculation.
* 2010 , Guy Deutscher, Through the Language Glass , Arrow 2011, p. 40:
He made one cardinal error in his presuppositions about the relation between language and perception, but in this he was far from alone.
The act of presupposing.
Synonyms
* (assumption) assumption, conjecture
in semantic Noun
Hapus(wikipedia semantics) (-)
(linguistics) A branch of linguistics studying the meaning of words.
Semantics is a foundation of lexicography.
The study of the relationship between words and their meanings.
* 2006 , Patrick Blackburn, Johan Bos, and Kristina Striegnitz, [http://www.learnprolognow.org/lpnpage.php?pagetype=html&pageid=lpn-htmlse32 Learn Prolog Now!] , section 8.1:
In fact, nowadays a lot is known about the semantics of natural languages, and it is surprisingly easy to build semantic representations which partially capture the meaning of sentences or even entire discourses.
The individual meanings of words, as opposed to the overall meaning of a passage.
The semantics of the terms used are debatable.
The semantics of a single preposition is a dissertation in itself.
Derived terms
* algebraic semantics * axiomatic semantics * computational semantics * denotational semantics * formal semantics * lexical semantics * mathematical semantics * operational semantics * statistical semantics
Related terms
* seme * sememe * semantic * semasiology * sematic * sematology * semiotic * semiotics
@maya yolanda I answer as brief and clear as possible so that you easily understand the answers to these questionsAt first glance, semantics and pragmatics are branches of linguistics that both study the meanings of lingual units. The difference is that the semantics of learning linguistic meaning or meaning are internal, whereas pragmatics learns the meaning of the speaker or the meaning in the speaker and is external in context. In other words, semantics learns the literal meaning of an idea, while pragmatics is the implied meaning of a given idea.
HapusWell done mesin and niki. Both of you are great in answering the question. I do really hope we can be more active on blog 🤗
HapusAmazing
BalasHapusthank you :)
Hapuswhat is amazing do you mean?
Hapuswould u like to give the example ?
@presiden kecil haha, maybe he said extraordinary because I'm beautiful kak mey. and I just found out that there are secret fans who secretly pay attention to me without a clear profile like him
Hapus@unknown You should use the original profile so someone can recognize you without any curiosity
HapusHahaha. Why do you you feel like that Niki? I think that the mysterious blog user is not honest. 🤣🤣🤣
Hapushei kak sikin, how do you know he's not serious? can you predict someone without you knowing their identity or face ??? don't be a fortune teller
HapusHi niki, nice blog. One of the element is Lexical meaning and referential, could what that means? Could you give an example?
BalasHapushi Vero! o'd like to answer your question.
HapusLexical meaning refers to the meaning of words that belong to one of the four lexical word classes. It is the aspect of meaning usually given in a dictionary. Important aspects in describing lexical meaning are syntagmatic relations holding between particular lexical items (bird:fly, blond:hair), as well as paradigmatic relations between words which have a similar meaning (red:blue).
Referential meaning (also called denotative meaning, descriptive meaning, conceptual meaning, or sense) refers to the logical, cognitive, or denotative content of an expression.
Please add each meaning with one example Niki. thank you.
Hi sikin. Thank you for your answer. So, you mean referential meaning is the true meaning (denotative meaning)? Like in bahasa, meja hijau dalam arti meja yang berwarna hijau?
Hapushi Vero! yes, that is what I mean. the referential meaning is more like cognitive content, conceptual meaning or sense, and logical thinking to get the true meaning of sentences.
HapusOh thank you sikin, for ur answer. Would you give me the example referential meaning in bahasa?
HapusThanks for your question Vero. I stated the referential meaning above. It (also called denotative meaning, descriptive meaning, conceptual meaning, or sense) refers to the logical, cognitive, or denotative content of an expression.
HapusExample in Bahasa:
Kembang desa
referential meaning of that phrase is flower in a village. While, as we do know, pragmatically the meaning of the phrase is the most beautiful woman in village.
Can u give another axample, im still not know
HapusGrammatical Meaning
HapusWe notice, e. g., that words-forms, such as girls, winters, joys, tables, etc. though denoting widely different objects of reality have something in common. This common element is the grammatical meaning of plurality which can be found in all of them.
Thus grammatical meaning may be defined as the component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words, as, e. g., the tense meaning in the word-forms of various nouns (girl’s, boy’s, night’s etc).
In a broad sense it may be argued that linguists who make a distinction between lexical and grammatical meaning are in fact, making a distinction between the functional meaning which operates at various levels as the interrelation of various linguistic units and referential (conceptual) meaning as the interrelation of linguistic units and referents (or concepts).
In modern linguistic science it is commonly held that some elements of grammatical meaning can be identified by the position if the linguistic unit in relation to other linguistic units, i. e. by its distribution. Word-forms ‘speaks, reads, writes’ have one and the same grammatical meaning as they can all be found in identical distribution, e. g. only after the pronouns ‘he, she, it’ and before adverbs like’ well, badly, to-day etc. it follows that a certain component of the meaning of the word is described when you identify it as a part of speech, since different parts of speech are distributionally different.
Lexical Meaning
HapusComparing word-forms of one and the same word we observe that besides grammatical meaning, there is another component of meaning to be found in them. Unlike the grammatical meaning this component is identical in all the forms of the word thus e. g. the word-forms ‘go, goes, went, going, gone’ possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person and so on, but in each of these forms we find one and the same semantic component denoting the process of movement. This is the lexical meaning of the word which may be described as the component of meaning proper to the word as a linguistic unit, i. e. recurrent in all the forms of this word. /Ginsburg p.30/
The difference between the lexical and the grammatical components of meaning is not to be sought in the different of the concepts underlying the two types of meaning but rather in the way they are conveyed the concept of plurality, e. g., may be expressed by the lexical meaning of the world plurality, it may also be expressed in the forms of various words irrespective of their lexical meaning, e. g. ‘boys, girls, balls, joys, etc. The concept of relation may be expressed by the lexical meaning of the word relation and also by any of the prepositions, e. g. ‘in, on, behind, under, etc.
It follows that by lexical meaning we designate the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions, while by grammatical meaning we designate the meaning proper to sets of word-forms common to all words of a certain class. Both the lexical and the grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning as neither can exist without order.
That can be also observed in the semantic analysis of correlated words in different languages. E. g. the Russian word "сведения" is not semantically identical with the English equivalent “information” because unlike the Russian "сведения" the English word doesn’t possess the grammatical meaning f plurality which is part of the semantic structure of the Russian word.
Denotational and Connotational Meaning
HapusLexical meaning is not homogenous and includes denotational and connotational components. The functions of words are to denote things, concepts and so on. Users of a language cannot have any knowledge or thought of the objects or phenomena of the real world around them unless this knowledge is ultimately embodied in words which have essentially the same meaning for all speakers of that language. This is the denotational meaning, i. e. that component of the lexical meaning which makes communication possible. There is no doubt that a physicist knows more about the atom than a singer does, or that a cooker possesses a much deeper knowledge of how to prepare for example shrimps than a person who cannot cook professionally. Nevertheless they use the words atom, shrimps, etc. and understand each other.
The second component of the lexical meaning is the connotational component, i. e. the emotive charge and the stylistic value of the word.
Emotive charge is one of the objective semantic features proper to words as linguistic units and forms a part of the connotational component of meaning. The emotive charge varies in different word-classes. In some of them, in interjection, e. g., the emotive element prevails, whereas in conjunctions the emotive charge is as a rule practically non-existence.
Words differ not only in their emotive charge but also in their stylistic reference and subdivided into literary, neutral and colloquial layers.
The greater part of the literary layer of Modern English vocabulary are words of general use, possessing no specific stylistic reference and known as neutral words. Against the background of neutral words we can distinguish two major subgroups - standard colloquial words and literary or bookish words. ‘Parent, father, dad’. In comparison with the word father which is stylistically neutral, dad stands out as colloquial and parent is felt as bookish. Or chum-friend, rot-nonsense, etc.
@veronica saragih I explain briefly so that you are not too complicated to understand and not bored when reading iteferential means referring to the reference. While the word reference in the Big Indonesian Dictionary is interpreted as a source of reference or reference. The meaning of reference is the meaning that is directly related to the reference or reference used. The meaning of this reference has a relationship with the meaning that has been mutually agreed upon, for example based on its understanding according to the dictionary. In a sentence, it can contain referential or non referential relationships. Referential relationships are relationships that exist between a word and the outside world that are referred to by the writer or speaker. The example of the word deictis is he, you, there, here, there, now, tomorrow, this, that. Consider also the following example:
HapusThis morning I put her to sleep here.
"The motorbike is almost always there every month here," said the Pandean Sub-district Head.
Here in Indonesia, I will grow and benefit others.
In all three sentences, each sentence uses the word "here". In sentence (1), the word "here" is meant to designate a bed. In sentence (2), the word "here" refers to a wider place compared to sentence (1), which is the area of the Pandean village. Whereas sentence (3) shows a wider area, which is Indonesia. Referents to the three kinds of sentences are different even though they use the same word.
Yola, have you understood? Because there are many of us who have given the examples to make you understand. 😉😉😉
HapusHi Niki, could you give the example for us to make us easier understand what do u want to deliver for?
BalasHapushello Vero! I would like to give an explanation about what Niki wants to deliver on her topic. actually, she tries to tell us about Semantics by giving explanation by several experts. she also gives examples on her blog about semantics.
HapusVero, I want to give you a suggestion also. please reread Niki's blog and try to understand what she wants to deliver on her topic. because, sometimes, we could not understand only with once time read the blog.
HapusI mean, detail explanation. Like why it can be semantic? What is the concept? And how if those sentences in ordinary sentences
HapusHi Vero! I hope my explanation will make you understand.
HapusAccording to KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia), the meaning of semantics is, the intention of the speaker and waiter, or the understanding given in a form of discussion.
The concept is about what actually the true meaning of words from the message that speaker want to convey and the listener understand it.
Can you explain what do you mean by ordinary sentences?
Good answer sikin
HapusSemantics and Linguistic Anthropology
HapusLinguistic anthropology is a branch of anthropology that studies the role of language in the social lives of individuals and communities. Linguistic anthropology explores how language shapes communication. Language plays a huge role in social identity, group membership, and establishing cultural beliefs and ideologies. Linguists will focus more on the way words are formed, for example, the phonology or vocalization of the language to semantics and grammar systems in Linguistic Anthropology.
For example:
In New Guinea, there is a tribe of indigenous people who speak one language. It is what makes that people unique.
I dont know what u mean vero
HapusFrom ur topic is good and I wanna ask u. From ur materials have a 3 elements, can u expalain to me about different from there ar?
Hapushai kak ve , do you mean the example of my material? try to scroll the questions and answers above maybe slowly you will understand it. because I'm bored if that's all I answer.
Hapushei kak yol, of the three elements appear to have the same features, namely the change of ownership (change of possession). As such, the word does not differ in meaning.
Hapusoh niki ..congratulation to do the best before ..u will try the best.
BalasHapuskeep spirit to writte in your blogg
thank you kak mey
Hapusow yes, if you want to help answer a question on someone do not be too long to explain it so that it can make the reader become bored and lazy. we simply explain as simple as possible as long as the reader understands
Hello Mey! Please learn more. Because I see your writing skill is so bad. I really want to see your improvement for the next answer from you. 🙃
Hapusoh niki ..your material is not interesting ...as long as the material contains only writings and writings ..make eyes sick and lazy to read it ..let alone understand it
BalasHapusso do I have to change my writing into a funny and interesting animation? hello, then how are you with your long irregular reply that can make people bored while reading it
HapusHi Mesin! Why do you always state about lazy? Almost on each blog you stated about lazy and sleepy. I think that you are a lazy person. 🤣🤣🤣
HapusHi sikin, do u think you are so good person?
HapusI hope you can display interesting material ..maybe by adding a few pictures for example ..and don't use very long sentences.
BalasHapusyour opinion is too repetitive to explain. and I just found out, after you praised me, you suddenly dropped me just like that. really have the heart to me kak mey
HapusThanks God. Finally you realized that. You are not very well in making blog Niki. Pity of you. 🤣🤣🤣🤣
HapusHi sikin, you are so good in bullying people
HapusHai Niki...
BalasHapusI like your blog..
Because your write with the detail.. You Can improvement it,,, ,☺️☺️
Oh of course. because I don't want someone who reads my blog to get bored, so I prepared this blog with as simple and interesting as possible
HapusHello Siti! I am bored to see the same comment from you. Just agreeing someone and praising someone. Oh God 🙄🤔😕😕
HapusHi siti, dont only give an agree and disagree comment in all blog of our friends. I suggest you to try to comment about the topic. It will be better. 🥰☺
HapusHai niki.... In semantics, there are elements namely :
BalasHapus· Sings and symbols
· Lexical meaning and referential
· Naming
What you know means it???
I hope you make with your sentences own.
sorry kak sit, maybe I can explain with sources that I know. because you know yourself, mbah goegle is everything
HapusReferential means referring to the reference. While the word reference in the Big Indonesian Dictionary is interpreted as a source of reference or reference. The meaning of reference is the meaning that is directly related to the reference or reference used. The meaning of this reference has a relationship with the meaning that has been mutually agreed upon, for example based on its understanding according to the dictionary. In a sentence, it can contain referential or non referential relationships. Referential relationships are those that exist between a word and the outside world that are referred to by the writer or speaker. from the word deictis is he, you, there, here, there, now, tomorrow, this, that. Consider also the following example:
This morning I put her to sleep here.
"The motorbike is almost always there every month here," said the Pandean Sub-district Head.
Here in Indonesia, I will grow and benefit others.
In all three sentences, each sentence uses the word "here". In sentence (1), the word "here" is meant to designate a bed. In sentence (2), the word "here" refers to a wider place compared to sentence (1), which is the area of the Pandean village. Whereas sentence (3) shows a wider area, which is Indonesia. Referents to the three kinds of sentences are different even though they use the same word.
Hi Niki! Very nice answer. I hope you will be more active to answer all the questions on your blog and another blog. 😘😍
BalasHapusthank you, i am also motivated from you willing all willingly for the sake of sake. and hopefully everything will pay off, thanks for the motivation
HapusHi niki..
HapusNiki...
Niki...
Are you there???
Do you still alive?
I waiting for your answer of my question.
Can you see it?
Are you still okay?
oh kak ve
HapusI'm not feeling well, last week I just had an accident. can be typed on a cellphone keyboard I'm already grateful
Please do not only answer the questions on your blog. You should help your friends to answer another question on their blog. Thank you. 🙏
BalasHapuswell, ready to carry out mother komanda. sometimes have a chatty friend like you a lot of luck. i love youuuuuuuuuuuuuu
HapusYah, i agree with sikinx you must be go out of the box niki, it will help you. And I suggest you to try to give the answer by your own word. It will help you to improve your english.
Hapushei kak ve , I've tried to get out of the comfort zone, it's just that learning vocabulary is very difficult in my opinion. to understand vocabulary is very difficult for me
HapusIts ok niki, as long as you keep try and keep practise. I suggest you to use english everyday to improve ur vocab
Hapushello niki, your blog is very unattractive, and if you are very bad, i don't see your ppt on the blog ... ???
BalasHapusHi eva, what do you mean. Actually we dont must make a PPT to make our PPT good, that is okay as long as you can make better by other way.
Hapushei kak eva , of course you don't see ppt on my blog, because I only write about semantic material. not with ppt, you want to search to the end of the world also will not appear. you strange man
HapusI will ask about semantics ... Explain the meaning of the concepts of hyponymy and hyponymy easy to apply to nouns but difficult to verbs and adjectives!
BalasHapusHyponym is a word or phrase whose meaning is included in other more general words or phrases. This more common word or phrase is called hyperonym or hypernym. For example, apples, bananas, papaya, and guava are included in the fruit members. So, apples, bananas, papayas, and guavas are hyponyms of fruits.
HapusHi eva, i will try to answer your question for niki. In linguistics, a hyponym (from Greek hupó, "under" and ónoma, "name") is a word or phrase whose semantic field is included within that of another word, its hyperonym or hypernym (from Greek hupér, "over" and ónoma, "name"). In simpler terms, a hyponym is in a type-of relationship with its hypernym.
HapusHi niki, you can not just waiting to our friend to answer the question in you blog. I suggest you to more active in your own blog. Where did you gone?
Hapushi kak vero who are kind and not arrogant and are diligent in saving, I also tried to answer all the questions, not that I was not active.
HapusHi my dude, are you okay? Niki please tell me what is the weaknes of this theory.
Hapus